What Causes Nosebleeds (Epistaxis)?

Nosebleeds, medically known as epistaxis, are a very common condition in the community. Although most nosebleeds are mild, short-lived, and resolve on their own, in some cases they may be associated with underlying medical conditions. For this reason, evaluation by an ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) specialist is important.

Types of Nosebleeds

1. Anterior Nosebleeds

• This is the most common type.
• It usually occurs due to rupture of blood vessels in the front part of the nose.
• It may be short-lasting and can usually be controlled easily.

2. Posterior Nosebleeds

• It is less common but may be more serious.
• It occurs when larger blood vessels at the back of the nose are affected.
• It is more commonly seen in older adults or in patients with hypertension.
• In some cases, hospitalization may be required for control.

What Causes Nosebleeds?

• Nasal dryness and lack of humidity
• Nose picking or trauma
• ENT conditions such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis
• High blood pressure
• Use of blood-thinning medications
• Vitamin K deficiency and clotting disorders
• Tumors (should be evaluated especially in recurrent one-sided bleeding)
• Nasal septal deviation and turbinate problems (turbinate hypertrophy)
• Extreme hot–cold weather changes

For detailed information about nasal trauma and nasal fractures, you can review the relevant page.

How to Stop a Nosebleed (First Aid)

1. Calm the person down.
2. Tilt the head slightly forward.
3. Pinch the soft part of the nose firmly for 5–10 minutes.
4. A cold compress (on the forehead or the back of the neck) may be applied.
5. If the bleeding does not stop, the person should visit the nearest healthcare facility or an ENT specialist.

When Should You See an ENT Specialist?

• If the bleeding lasts longer than 15 minutes
• If there are recurrent nosebleeds of unknown cause
• If bleeding occurs after trauma
• If there is dizziness or a feeling of fainting along with the bleeding
• If it occurs in people with clotting disorders
• If it recurs frequently in children or older adults

Treatment of Nosebleeds

Methods that may be performed by an ENT specialist include:

• Cauterization of the bleeding vessel
• Nasal packing
• Medication (moisturizers, allergy treatment, etc.)
• Treatment of the underlying cause (hypertension, infection, etc.)
• Rarely, surgical intervention may be required

Tips to Help Prevent Nosebleeds

• Keep your environment adequately humidified.
• Avoid nose picking and forceful nose blowing.
• You may have regular ENT check-ups when necessary.
• If you have a deviated septum or structural problems, have them evaluated.
• Monitor your blood pressure and blood values regularly.